Geometrical optics where light is described by rays which show the paths of energy transfer. Note that as the opening gets narrower, the amount of diffraction in the horizontal direction increases. This was the original experiment that showed that light is a wave. The interference fringes will be dealt with in a later section of this book. Summarized notes on interference and diffraction for jee main 1. Lecture 53 interference and diffraction of em waves during our previous lectures we have been talking about electromagnetic em waves. Pdf this is a part of lecture notes on solid state physics phys 472572. If light from a sodium lamp fully illuminates a diffraction grating with 4000 slitscm, what is the angular. Bharadwaj,department of physics and meteorology, iit kharagpur. In this diffraction pattern, for small angles, the positions of the minima occur at. Modern methods in heterogeneous catalysis research malte behrens, fhiac. It shows how a beam of xrays is scattered into a characteristic pattern by a crystal.
Each point on a wavefront acts as a source of spherical secondary wavelets. Lecture notes optics pdf 57p this note covers the following topics. But this is not the case, as we observe interference patterns on the screen. Interference superposition of waves in same direction graphical and mathematical phase and pathlength difference application to thin. Interference of two one dimensional electromagnetic waves 3. Note that this is opposite to the case of the double slit, because now we have to include the phase of all the rays. Dr mike young does example problems in interference double slit and thin films. Nature of light, geometrical optics, optical instrumentation, dispersion, prisms, and aberrations, wave equations, em waves, polarization, fresnel equations, production of polarized light, superposition of waves interference of light, coherence, fraunhofer diffraction, fourier optics, characteristics.
These lectures were originally given at tasi 2012 and are directed at a level suitable. Summary of the inclusive crosssection measurements. Diffraction experiments interference patterns can be. As we know, harmonic waves of any type represent periodic process in time and in space. Double slit interference or double source interference. Lecture note 2 free download as powerpoint presentation. Lecture note on senior laboratory fresnelkirchhoff diffraction masatsugu sei suzuki and itsuko s. The most important parts to go over before doing the lab are the interpretation sections, sections 3. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. In the case of em wave, it is a pattern where changing electric field causes. Cornell university department of physics physics 214 september, 2001 the purpose of these notes is to understand interference in d1 dimensions, particularly diffraction and diffraction gratings as appear in lab 3. Consider the two closely spaced spectral yellow lines of sodium na.
A coherent, monochromatic wave emitted from point source s, similar to light that would be produced by a laser, passes through aperture d and is diffracted, with the primary incident light beam landing at point p and. If you want, you can consider this plane wave to be generated plane wave wall figure 1 by a point source that is located a very large distance to the left of the wall. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. His collaborators walter friedrich and paul knipping took the picture on the bottom left in 1912. The phase varies linearly across the aperture the intensity of light arriving from each part of the aperture is equal. Single topquark production at the tevatron and the lhc.
Interference and diffraction outline particles or waves youngs doubleslit experiment. Pdf lecture note on solid state physics xray diffraction. The xray diffraction pattern of a pure substance is. Teachernoteson diffractionandinterference page5of14 background%information % youngs%experiment in order to prove that. Diffraction effect in diffraction pattern the variation of i w. Diffraction, generally defined as a departure of a ray from the. When thomas young published his result in 1802 he encountered a great deal of criticism from the proponents of newtons particle theory of. Diffraction of waves in everyday life and applications. Lecture 15 february 23, 2016 1 outline 2 diffraction. Effect of lattice vibrations, absorption, and instrument resolution 4.
Clearest explanation of diffraction is using viewing wave propagation according to huygens principle. We note that different collaborations, like cteq, mstw, nnpdf, etc. The diffraction pattern is called the fraunhofer diffraction pattern. Interference and diffraction harvard natural sciences. Lecture 4, p 22 diffraction grating example angular splitting of the sodium doublet. It is important to note that reflection and refraction are. Principle of superposition of waves when two or more waves arrive at a point in the medium simultaneously then each wave produces its own displacement independent of. The nature of the diffraction pattern depends on the nature of the gap or mask which diffracts the original light wave. Diffraction of laser light through a vertical opening of decreasing width. Fresnel and fraunhofer diffraction fraunhofer diffraction infinite observation distance in practice often at focal point of a lens if a lens is not used the observation distance must be large fresnel number small, lecture 9. At the end of the course unit you should be able to. Intensity in interference and diffraction pdf download. Sph 103 waves and optics lecture notes january to april 2016 purpose.
Schlieren optics is used to demonstrate the diffraction of light around objects. Enhance students knowledge in the areas of waves and geometrical optics. Diffraction and interference occur together in many situations. Powder xray and neutron diffraction lecture series. On the right is shown the interference between a diagram with emission. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. According to the superposition principle, the net displacement is simply given by the. Interference example problems introduction to diffraction. Lecture note 2 diffraction interference wave propagation.
Lecture 53 interference and diffraction of em waves. Diffraction of waves in everyday life and applications 2. Drawing this figure for a light wave does not mean that light rays move up and down in. To understand these experiments, which we will do in lab, we must explore the physics of diffraction. If the diffracted light is projected onto a screen some distance away, then interference between the light waves create a distinctive pattern thediffraction pattern on the screen. Multiple beam interference previously we considered only two interfering beams. Represents the diffraction pattern due to a single slit. Define the concept of wave, describe the wave motion and derive the wave equation. Despite its success in describing mirrors and mirages, the wave model of light. Diffraction by a lattice in the kinematic approximation 2. The path difference between reflections on neighbouring planes is.
L16diffraction notes for lecture 16 diffraction 16. One of the effects of diffraction is the production of interference or fringe patterns. Propagation, interference and diffraction of waves axel kuhn, oxford 2016 paul ewarts lecture notes and problem sets. Theory diffraction when diffraction of light occurs as it passes through a slit, the angle to the minima dark spot in the diffraction pattern is given by a sin. Lecture note on solid state physics xray diffraction. Lecture notes mineralogy diffraction two of the most fundamental aspects of a mineral, its space group and unit cell, can be determined from xray diffraction experiments. The principles of xray diffraction 83 now the difference of optical path for the top and bottom wave is shown by the heavydrawn path lying between two parts of the wavefronts of the incident and reflected waves. Note the regions where the waves cancel the diagonal lines destructive interference. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p download book. Looking up dictionaries, i learn that the word diffraction drives from a latin word meaning shattering, breaking apart. Notes for 12th physics interference and diffraction. Summarized notes on interference and diffraction for jee main.
The diffraction of water waves at a hole in a barrier was shown in the video lecture on interference l4 and it is sketched in figure 4. Fraunhofer diffraction last lecture numerical aperture of optical fiber allowed modes in fibers attenuation modal distortion, material dispersion, waveguide dispersion this lecture diffraction from a single slit diffraction from apertures. Notes for 12th physics interference and diffraction by slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The diffraction pattern consists of central principal maximum for 0 and 9 0 value. In case of circular aperture, diffraction pattern is called airy rings. It was first performed by the english scientist thomas young at the end of the 18th century and is often called youngs double slit experiment. In this chapter, we examine interference and diffraction of light in detail.
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